Rumen degradation kinetics of coffee hulls treated with calcium oxide under aerobic or anaerobic conditions / Cinética de degradación ruminal de la cascarilla de café tratada con óxido de calcio en condiciones de aerobiosis o anaerobiosis / Cinética de degradação ruminal da casca de café tratada com óxido de cálcio em condição de aerobiose ou anaerobiose

Abstract Background: Coffee hulls obtained from dry processing, have the potential to be used in ruminant diets. Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of coffee hulls treated with calcium oxide (CaO) in different environmental conditions (EC). Methods: Coffee hulls were subjected to treatments distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two levels of CaO (0 and 5%, on a DM basis) and two environmental conditions (aerobiosis and anaerobiosis) in a completely randomized design with four replicates, totaling sixteen experimental units. Five-gram samples were incubated in the rumen of two male cattle for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Results: Regarding dry matter degradation kinetic parameters, except for fraction b, the potential and effective degradability was affected (p<0.05) by a CaO × EC interaction. As for estimated fiber degradation parameters, the potentially degradable fraction b was affected (p<0.05) by CaO and EC. Treatment with CaO increased fraction b in 4.08 percentage points. Conclusions: The use of CaO in the treatment of coffee hulls increases the effective and potential degradability of DM and reduces the undegradable fiber fraction. Anaerobic condition is the best environment for the treatment of coffee hulls with CaO.

Resumen Antecedentes: la cáscara de café obtenida por procesamiento en seco presenta potencial de uso en la alimentación de rumiantes. Objetivo: Evaluar la composición química, la degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca (DM) y de la fibra detergente neutra (NDF) de la cascara de café tratada con óxido de calcio (CaO) en diferentes condiciones ambientales (EC). Métodos: la cáscara de café fue sometida a tratamientos distribuidos en un diseño factorial 2 x 2, dos dosis de CaO (0 a 5% en base seca), y dos condiciones ambientales (aeróbica y anaeróbica) en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, totalizando dieciséis unidades experimentales. Las muestras de cinco gramos se incubaron en el rumen de dos bovinos machos durante 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 y 120 horas. Resultados: para los parámetros cinéticos de degradación de la DM, a excepción de la fracción b, la degradabilidad potencial y efectiva fueron afectadas (p<0,05) por la interacción CaO × EC. En cuanto a los parámetros estimados de la degradación de la fibra, la fracción potencialmente degradable b presentó efecto (p<0,05) para CaO y EC. El tratamiento con CaO promovió un aumento de la fracción b en 4,08 puntos porcentuales. Conclusión: la utilización del CaO para el tratamiento de la cáscara de café aumenta la degradabilidad efectiva y potencial de la DM y reducción de la fracción no degradable de la fibra. La condición de anaerobiosis se constituye en el mejor ambiente para el tratamiento de la cascara de café con CaO.

Resumo Antecedentes: cascas de café obtidas pelo processamento a seco têm potencial de serem usadas na alimentação de ruminantes. Objetivo: avaliar a composição química, a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (DM) e da fibra em detergente neutro (NDF) da casca de café tratada com óxido de cálcio (CaO) em diferentes condições de ambiente (EC). Métodos: a casca de café foi submetida aos tratamentos, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, sendo duas doses de CaO (0 e 5% base da matéria seca) e duas condições de ambiente (aeróbico e anaeróbico), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, totalizando dezesseis unidades experimentais. Amostras de cinco gramas foram incubadas no rúmen de dois bovinos machos, nos tempos 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas. Resultados: para os parâmetros cinéticos de degradação da DM, à exceção da fração b, a degradabilidade potencial e efetiva foram afetados (p<0,05) pela interação CaO × EC. Quanto aos parâmetros estimados da degradação da fibra, a fração potencialmente degradável (b) apresentou efeito (p<0,05) para CaO e EC. O tratamento com CaO promoveu aumento da fração b em 4,08 pontos percentuais. Conclusões: a utilização do CaO no tratamento da casca de café promove aumento da degradabilidade efetiva e potencial da DM e redução da fração indegradável da fibra. A condição de anaerobiose constitui-se no melhor ambiente para o tratamento da casca de café com CaO.

Effect of Wild Lactobacillus buchneri Strains on the Fermentation Profile and Microbial Populations of Sugarcane Silage.

BACKGROUND: Sugarcane silage has been increasing as a feed in the tropics by dairy farmers. However, sugarcane normally had high yeast population that leads to intense alcoholic fermentation and excessive Dry-Matter (DM) loss during ensilage and after air exposure, as well. There are several patents that have recently shown the benefits of applying Lactobacillus buchneri in forage preservation. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the changes in pH, DM, Water-Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC) and fermentation end product concentrations that occur in sugarcane silage with or without inoculation with L. buchneri after 45 days of ensiling. METHODS: Sugarcane plants were harvested with approximately 16 months of growth and chopped at 2 cm. Four strains of wild L. buchneri (56.1, 56.4, 56.9 and 56.26) and the commercial inoculant "Lalsil Cana" were evaluated. For all treatments, the theoretical application rate was 1.0 × 106 colony- forming units (cfu) per g of fresh weight. Data from the silo openings were analysed as a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment (inoculants). RESULTS: The treatment with L. buchneri affected the DM content, pH, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) population, DM recovery, and concentrations of WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol of sugarcane silage after 45 days of ensiling. Yeasts and molds populations and the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids were not affected by the treatments. CONCLUSION: Lactobacillus buchneri 56.1 and 56.4 are considered the most suitable strains for improving the fermentation of sugarcane silage and thus are potential inoculants for silage production. At present, we are preparing the patent application.

An evaluation of the effectiveness of a chemical additive based on sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage.

We evaluated the effectiveness of an additive comprising sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite (SSL) as active ingredients for its ability to improve the aerobic stability of corn silages made in North America. In experiment 1, treatment with SSL (1.5 and 2.0 L/t) on whole-plant corn (WPC) was compared with treatment with an additive containing buffered propionic acid and citric acid (BPA; 2 L/t) on corn harvested at 32 and 38% dry matter and ensiled for 120 d. Silage treated with BPA was higher in ammonia-N and propionic acid relative to other treatments. Treatments with all of the additives had numerically, but not statistically, fewer yeasts compared with untreated silage. Both application rates of SSL resulted in lower concentrations of ethanol compared with untreated and BPA silages. Treatment with BPA improved the aerobic stability of silages compared with untreated silage, but the effect from SSL was markedly greater. In experiment 2, WPC was untreated or treated with 2 or 3 L of SSL/t or a microbial inoculant containing Enterococcus faecium M74, Lactobacillus plantarum CH6072, and Lactobacillus buchneri LN1819 (final total lactic acid bacteria application rate of 150,000 cfu/g of fresh forage). Silages were air stressed for 24 h at 28 and 42 d of storage and ensiled for 49 d before opening. Inoculation had no effect on acid end products, ethanol, number of yeasts, or aerobic stability compared with other treatments. Treatment with SSL decreased the amount of ethanol, had no effect on number of yeasts, and improved aerobic stability in a dose-dependent manner compared with other treatments. In experiment 3, WPC was untreated or treated with 2 L of SSL/t and ensiled for 5, 15, and 30 d. Treatment with SSL resulted in silage with fewer yeasts and lower concentrations of ethanol after all times of ensiling compared with untreated silage. In addition, SSL improved aerobic stability after each period of ensiling, but the effect was more at 15 and 30 d compared with 5 d of storage. Treating WPC with SSL can improve the aerobic stability of corn silage made in North America, and the effect can be observed as soon as 5 d after ensiling.